Seefahrt/Literatur

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Westliche Literatur

Allgemeine Werke

  • Abeli, Joanna 2011
    Causes of piracy in medieval Japan. Michigan: Eastern Michigan University 2011. (Senior Honors Thesis Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt LW
  • Akima, Toshio 1993
    „The myth of the goddess of the undersea world and the tale of Empress Jingū’s subjugation of Silla.“ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 20/2-3 (1993), S. 95-185.
    Exzerpt (AJ)
  • Anderson, Richard W. 2002
    „Jingū Kōgō Ema in Southwestern Japan: Reflections and anticipations of the seikanron debate in the late Tokugawa and early Meiji Period.“ Asian Ethnology 61(2) (2002), S. 247-270.


Antony, Robert J. (Hg.)
 (2010). Elusive pirates, pervasive smugglers: Violence and clandestine trade in the Greater China Seas, Vol.1. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. Exzerpt (JB)

  • Arano, Yasunori 2005
    „The formation of a japanocentric world order.“ International Journal of Asian Studies 2/2 (2005), S. 185-216. (Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt Xe

de Bary, William Theodore u.a. (Hg.) (2001). Sources of Japanese tradition: From earliest times to 1600. Volume 1. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Bender, Ross 1978
    „Metamorphosis of a deity: The image of Hachiman in Yumi yawata.“ Monumenta Nipponica 33/2 (1978), S. 165-178. (Exzerpt.)
  • Bender, Ross 1979
    „The Hachiman cult and the Dōkyō incident.“ Monumenta Nipponica 34/2 (1979), S. 125-153. (Exzerpt.)
  • Bender, Ross 1980
    The political meaning of the Hachiman cult in ancient and early medieval Japan. New York: Columbia University 1980. (Unveröffentlichte Dissertation, Exzerpt.)
  • Boxer, Charles R. 1967
    The Christian century in Japan: 1549-1650. Berkeley, Californien [u.a.]: University of California Press 1967.
  • Casal, Ugo Alfonso 1962
    Hachiman, der Kriegsgott Japans. (Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für Natur und Völkerkunde Ostasiens Band XLI, Teil D.) Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz 1962. (Exzerpt.)
  • Carlqvist, Anders 2010
    „The land-pulling myth and some aspects of historic reality.“ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 37 (2) (2010), S. 185-222.
    Exzerpt (Byakko)
  • Clulow, Adam 2012
    „The pirate and the warlord.“ Journal of Early Modern History 16/6 (2012), S. 523-542. (Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (Xe)


Chudy, Robert John 
(1973). Pirates and local politics: A study of the relationship between the wako and Ouchi in the 14th Century.

  • Cobbing, Andreas 2009
    Kyūshū, gateway to Japan: A concise history. Folkestone: Global Oriental 2009.
  • Cooper, Michael 1972
    „The mechanics of the Macao-Nagasaki silk trade.“ Monumenta Nipponica 27/4 (1972), S. 423-433.
  • Fogel, Joshua A. 2007
    Crossing the Yellow Sea : Sino-Japanese cultural contacts ; 1600 - 1950. Norwalk, Connecticut: EastBridge 2007.
  • Grapard, Allan Georges 1994
    „Rites de voyage: Redressing Hachiman's appearance.“ In: Francois Macé, e.a. (Hg.), Mélanges offerts à René Sieffert. Paris: Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales 1994, S. 335–352. (Sonderband der Zeitschrift Cipango, Festschrift. Kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Literatur:Kanda 1985.)
  • Grapard, Allan G. 2003
    „The source of oracular speech: Absence? Presence? Or plain treachery? The case of Hachiman Usa-gūgotakusenshū.“ In: Rambelli Teeuwen (Hg.), Buddhas and kami in Japan: Honji Suijaku as a combinatory. London: Routledge 2003, S. 77-94.
  • Green, Ronald Steve 2003
    Kūkai - founder of Japanese Shingon Buddhism : portraits of his life. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Diss. Services 2003.

Hall, John W. u.a. (Hg.) (1990). The Cambridge History of Japan. Volume 3. Medieval Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Hazard, Benjamin H. 1967
    „The formative years of the wakō, 1223-63.“ Monumenta Nipponica 22/3-4 (1967), S. 260-277. (Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (JB)


Igawa, Kenji
 (2010). „At the crossroads: Limahon and wako in sixteenth century Philippines.“ In: Robert J. Antony (Hg.), Elusive Pirates, Pervasive Smugglers. Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, S. 73 – 84.


Jie, Tong
 (2011). „New research on the cause of the prevalence of great wako raids of Chia-Ching Era.“ Chinese Social History Review.

  • Kanda, Christine Guth 1985
    Shinzō: Hachiman imagery and its development. Cambridge, Massachussets u.a.: Harvard University Press 1985. (Exzerpt.)


Kang, David C.
 (2007). „Stability and hierarchy in East Asian international relations, 1300–1900 CE.“ In: S. Kaufman u.a. (Hg.), Balance of power in world history. London: Palgrave Macmillan, S. 199 - 227.


Kang, David C.
 (2008). War and peace in early modern East Asia: Hierarchy and legitimacy in international systems. Working Paper.


Kang, Etsuko Hae-Jin
 (1997). Diplomacy and ideology in Japanese-Korean relations. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

  • Katō, Hidetoshi 1981
    „The significance of the period of national seclusion reconsidered.“ Journal of Japanese Studies 7/1 (1981), S. 85-109. (Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (Xe)
  • Kawazoe, Shōji 1990
    „Japan and East Asia.“ In: Kozo Yamamura (Hg.), The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 3. Cambridge, et al.: Cambridge University Press 1990, S. 396-446. (Exzerpt Ü.: G. Cameron Hurst III.)
    Exzerpt (Eva)
  • Kitagawa, Joseph M. 1990
    „Some reflections on Japanese religion and its relationship to the imperial system.“ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies Vol. 17, No. 2/3 (1990), S. 129-178.


Kondo, Osamu
 (1985). „Japan and the Indian Ocean at the time of the Mughal Empire, with special reference to Gujarat.“ 追手門学院大学文学部紀要 19, S. 53 – 65.

  • Kuroda, Toshio 1996
    „The discourse on the ,Land of kami‘ (Shinkoku) in medieval Japan: National consciousness and international awareness.“ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23/3-4 (1996), S. 353-385. (Exzerpt.)


Laver, Michael S.
 (2008). Japan’s economy by proxy in the seventeenth Century. New York: Cambria Press.

  • Law, Jane Marie 1994
    „Violence, ritual reenactment, and ideology: The ,Hōjō-e‘ of the Usa Hachiman Shrine in Japan.“ History of Religions 33/4 (1994), S. 325-357. (Exzerpt.)


Maloni, Ruby
 (1992). Piracy in Indian waters in the seventeenth century. Conference Paper, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress: New Delhi.

  • Marder, Arthur J. 1945
    „From Jimmu Tennō to Perry: Sea power in early Japanese history.“ The American Historical Review 51/1 (1945), S. 1-34. (s.a. Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (Eva)


Miyamoto, Kazuo
 (1975) Vikings of the Far East. New York: Vantage Press.

  • Miyazaki, Fumiko 1992
    „Religious life of the Kamakura Bushi: Kumagai Naozane and his descendants.“ Monumenta Nipponica 47/4 (1992), S. 435-467.

Na, Jongwoo (2009). „Were the wako pirate groups controlled by Japanese tribal clans?“ In: The foreseen and the unforeseen in historical relations between Korea and Japan. Seoul: Northeast Asian History Foundation, S. 94–101. Exzerpt (AJ)

Rambelli, Fabio (1996). „Religion, ideology of domination, and nationalism: Kuroda Toshio on the discourse of shinkoku“ Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23/3-4, S. 387–426.

  • Rossabi, Morris 1988
    Khubilai Khan : his life and times. Berkeley, Calif. [u.a.]: Univ. of California Press 1988.
    Exzerpt (AJ)
  • Scheid, Bernhard 2014
    „Shōmu Tennō and the Deity from Kyushu: Hachiman’s Initial Rise to Prominence.“ Japan Review 27 (2014) (2014), S. 31–51.
  • Scheid, Bernhard 2014
    „Wer schützt wen? Hachimanismus, Buddhismus und Tennōismus im Altertum.“ Asiatische Studien 68/1 (2014) (2014), S. 263–284.

Schley, Daniel (2014). Herrschersakralität im mittelalterlichen Japan: eine Untersuchung der politisch-religiösen Vorstellungswelt des 13.-14. Jahrhunderts. Münster: LIT Verlag.

  • Seoh, M. S. 1969
    „A brief documentary survey of Japanese pirate activities in Korea in the 13th—15th centuries.“ Journal of Korean Studies 1/1 (1969), S. 23 – 39.
    Exzerpt (LW)


Shapinsky, Peter
 (2007). „With the sea as their domain. Pirates and maritime lordship in medieval Japan.“ In: Jerry Bentley u.a. (Hg.), Seascapes. Maritime histories, littoral cultures, and transoceanic exchanges. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i, S. 221 – 238. Exzerpt (LW)

  • Shapinsky, Peter D. 2009
    „Predators, protectors, and purveyors: pirates and commerce in Late Medieval Japan.“ Monumenta Nipponica 64/2 (2009), S. 273–313. (Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (Niki)
  • Shapinsky, Peter D. 2014
    Lords of the sea: Pirates, violence, and commerce in late medieval Japan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The Univ. of Michigan 2014. (S.a. Exzerpt.)
    Exzerpt (CK)


Shuho, Zuikei und Charlotte von Verschuer
 (2002). „Japan’s foreign relations 1200 to 1392 AD: A translation from “Zenrin Kokuhōki.”“ Monumenta Nipponica 57/4: S. 413 – 445.


Souyri, Pierre Francois
 (2001). The world turned upside down: Medieval Japanese society. New York: Columbia University Press.


Tremml, Birgit
 (2012). „Waren sie nicht alle Piraten? Mit den wakō durch die Chinesischen Meere, ca. 1400–1660.“ In: Andreas Obenaus u.a. (Hg.), Schrecken der Händler und Herrscher. Piratengemeinschaften in der Geschichte. Wien: Mandelbaum, 144–167.


Turnbull, Stephen
 (2003). Fighting ships of the Far East (2): Japan and Korea AD 612-1639. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.

Turnbull, Stephen (2007). Pirate of the Far East: 811-1639. New York: Osprey.

Twitchett, Denis und John K. Fairbank (1994). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 6. Alien regimes and border states, 907-1368. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Twitchett, Denis und John K. Fairbank (1998a). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 7. The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Twitchett, Denis und John K. Fairbank (1998b). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 8. The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.

  • Verschuer, Charlotte von 2006
    Across the perilous sea : Japanese trade with China and Korea from the seventh to the sixteenth centuries. Ithaca, New York: Cornell Univ. 2006.
  • Watabe, Kojun 1975
    „The Wako-dojin of the Tendai School.“ Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (Indogaku Bukkyogaku Kenkyu) 24/1 (1975), S. 300-303.
    Exzerpt Byakko

Mongolenangriffe und Hachiman gudōkun

Japanische Literatur


Akaba, Masaharu 赤羽 正春
 (2011). „Nihonkai de kōsakusuru minami to kita no dentō sōsen gijutsu“ 日本海で交錯する南と北の伝統造船技術. Kanagawa Daigaku kokusai jōmin bunka kenkyū kikō nenbō 2: S. 73 – 93.

  • Arano, Yasunori 2010
    Wakô to "nihon kokuô". Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 2010.
  • Arimizu, Hiroshi 1993
    „Teppō denrai isetsu ni tsuite.“ Ōsaka gaikokugo daigaku ronshū 9 (1993), S. 257–264.

Fujisawa, Nozomu und Sanae Yamaguchi 
藤沢 望とさまえ山口
 (2010). „Nagasaki・Gotō no saundosukeepu“ 長崎・五島のサウンドスケープ. Nagasaki Kenritsu Daigaku kokusai jōhōgakubu kenkyū kiyō 11: S. 31 – 36.

Hideki, Tamai 玉井 秀樹
 (2004). „Okinawa kara mita Hokutōajia kyōdōtai no kanōsei to igi“ 沖縄から見た北東アジア共同体の可能性と意義. Sōdai heiwa kenkyū: S. 7 – 19.

Inamura, Kenpu und 
賢敷 稲村と村賢敷 著稲
 (1957). Ryūkyūshotō ni okeru wakō shiseki no kenkyū 琉球諸島における倭寇史跡の研究. Tōkyō: Yōshikawa.

  • Ishihara, Michihiro 1964
    Wakô. Tôkyô: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 1964.
  • Kawasaki, Tsuneyuki 1975
    Kûkai. Tôkyô: Iwanami Shoten 1975.


Kawashima
, Ikuo 川島 郁夫 (2012). „Chūgokurekishi koten gekishōkō -“ 中国歴史古典劇小考―越劇 「趙文華献妻」 をめぐって―. Tōkyō Gaikokugo Daigaku ronshū 84: S. 101–125.

  • Nakano, Hayatoshi 1976
    Hachiman shinkōshi no kenkyū. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 1976.
  • Nakano, Hatayoshi 1983
    Hachiman shinkō. Tôkyô: Yūzankaku Shuppan 1983.
  • Nakano, Hayatoshi 1998
    Hachiman shinkō to shugendō. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 1998.
  • Nakano, Hayatoshi (Hg.) 2002
    Hachiman shinkō jiten. Tokyo: Ebisu Kōshō 2002. (S.a. Sieben Stichworte zum Hachiman Glauben.)

Nebashi, Shōichi 根橋 正一
 (2001). „Taiwan ni okeru toshikeisei no katei to tokuchō“ 台湾における都市形成の過程と特徴. Ryūtsū Keizai Daigaku shakaigakubu ronsō 11/2: S. 51 – 76.

  • Okamoto, Kenji 1959
    Jingū Kōgō. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 1959. (Exzerpt.)


Ōta, Kōki 太田 弘毅
 (2004). Wakō: Nihon afure katsudōshi 倭寇: 日本あふれ活動史. Tōkyō: Bungeisha.

Satō, Shinichi 
佐藤 進一
 (2005). Nihon no rekishi (9) Nanbokuchō no dōran 日本の歴史〈9〉南北朝の動乱. Tōkō: Chūōkōron.

  • Tamura, Kōyū 1988
    Saichô. Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 1988.

Tanaka, Takeo 
田中 健夫
 (2012). Wakō: umi no rekishi 倭寇: 海の歴史. Tōkyō: Kodansha.

Takahashi, Kimiaki 
高橋 公明
 (1987). „Chūsei Ajia kaiiki ni okeru umitami to koryū - Saishūtō wo chūshin toshite -“ 中世東アジア海域における海民と交流―済州島を中心として―. Nagoya Daigaku bungakubu kenkyū shūshigaku 33.


秦野 裕介
 (2002). „"Wakō" to kaiyō shikan - "wakō" ha "Nihonjin" datta no ka -“ 「倭寇」と海洋史観 -「倭寇」は「日本人」だったのか-. Ritsumeikan Daigaku jinbunkagaku kenkyūsho kiyō 81: S. 77 – 102. Exzerpt Byakko

  • Umehara, Takeshi 2005
    Saichô to Kûkai: Nihonjin no kokoro no furusato. Tôkyô: Shôgakkan 2005.
    Exzerpt Byakko
  • Yoshinari, Naoki, Hiromi Fuku 2006
    Ryūkyū Ōkoku to wakō: omoro no kataru rekishi. Tôkyô: Shinwasha 2006.
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